Muhimman Hotuna don Mafari cikakke

Idan kun kasance sababbi ga daukar hoto kuma kun sayi DSLR ɗinku na farko yana iya zama kamar aiki mai ban tsoro don koyon abin da duk maɓallan da maɓallan ke yi. Kodayake kuna da gogewa da yawa game da harbi a wayarku ko tare da karamin kamara, aiki tare da DSLR wasa ne daban daban na ball kuma yana ɗaukar ɗan aiki kaɗan don samun sakamakon da kuke so. Amma da fatan, zan iya ba ku wasu yan ishara kaɗan don sa ku a kan hanya don kama hotunan masu sana'a.

Muhimmin Saitunan Kamara

budewa

Budewa yana shafar zurfin filin wanda shine adadin yanayin da kake ciki wanda ke mai da hankali tsakanin mafi kusa da mafi nisa a wurin da kake. Hanyar buɗewa tana aiki ta hanyar canza girman rami a cikin kyamararka wanda zai ba da haske ta hanyar na'urar firikwensin, kuma ƙaramin rami yana ba da ƙarancin haske yayin da rami mafi girma yana ba da ƙarin haske a ciki. Wannan yana kama da yadda idanun ɗan adam ke aiki, misali, tabbas ka lura cewa lokacin da ka shiga cikin ɗaki mai duhu ko haske ɗalibanku za su faɗaɗa ko kuma kwangila, kuma wannan shi ne yadda buɗewar kyamara take aiki.

Wide budewa

Wurin buɗe ido ƙananan lambobi ne, suna da saurin rufewa, kuma suna ƙirƙirar ɗan gajeren filin don kawai ƙaramin yanki a cikin hotonku zai kasance mai kaifi yayin da sauran za a jefa su daga abin da aka mai da hankali. Ana amfani da yawancin buɗe ido don hotuna da kuma kusantowa, misali, f / 1.4 ana ɗaukarta a matsayin faɗakarwa mai faɗi sosai wanda zai jefa asalin daga abin da aka mai da hankali.

Rowaramar buɗewa

Aramar buɗe ido tana amfani da lambobin f mafi girma kuma suna ƙirƙirar mafi girman filin don ƙarin yanayin zai zama mai kaifi, amma wannan yana rage saurin rufewa. Mafi girman lambar f ya fi kunkuntar budewa, don haka ga shimfidar wurare wani budewa na f / 16 yana da kyau a sanya dukkanin al'amuran cikin hankali.

Saurin rufewa

Gudun rufewa wuri ne mai mahimmanci wanda zai canza dangane da yanayi da batutuwa. Ainihin, saurin rufe shine adadin lokacin da masu buɗewa suke buɗe don bada izinin haske ta hanyar na'urar firikwensin, don haka saurin saurin rufewa yana nufin masu buɗewa suna buɗe don ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ke ba da ƙarancin haske a ciki, yayin da mafi tsayi na rufewa yana nufin masu rufe suna buɗe dogon lokaci wanda ke ba da ƙarin haske a ciki.

Saurin rufe sauri

Za'a ɗauki saurin rufewa na 1/1000 (1000 na na biyu) a matsayin saurin rufewar sauri kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin hotunan wasanni don ɗaukar batutuwa masu saurin motsawa ba tare da damuwa ba.

Saurin gudu da sauri

An yi amfani da saurin rufewa a hankali misali 1s (dakika 1) ko mafi tsayi don ɗaukar daren ko don ɓata batutuwa masu motsi kamar kogi. Amma kuna buƙatar odan tafiya idan kuna amfani da hanzarin saurin rufewa saboda riƙe kyamara zai haifar da musafiha.

ISO

ISO shine yadda kyamararka ke kulawa da haske kuma wannan ƙwarewar tana ƙaruwa yayin da kuke ƙara darajar ISO. Idan kun saita budewar ku amma saurin rufewa yayi jinkiri sosai, mataki na gaba shine a yi wasa da ISO.

Valuesimar ISO da aka fi amfani da ita daga ISO 100 zuwa ISO 6400 kuma mafi girman ƙimar ISO, da sauri saurin rufe zai zama. Hakanan, wannan yana haifar da hoto mai haske, don haka idan kuka ninka lambar ISO hotonku shima zai ninka cikin haske.

Theara ISO yana da amfani ga ƙananan haske, ɗaukar hoto na dare, da kuma kama batutuwa masu saurin motsawa. Abinda kawai zai iya ragewa shine tare da saitunan ISO mafi girma hotonka zai nuna karin amo (murdiya), wanda zai iya zama mara kyau, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci kar ayi amfani da saitin ISO mafi girma fiye da yadda ake buƙata.

Exposure

Ana sarrafa tasirin ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da saurin rufewa, ISO, da buɗewa kuma ainihin yadda haske yake ko duhu yake. Don haka canza kowane ɗayan waɗannan saitunan zai shafi tasirin hotuna da duhu.

Akwai fasali akan duk DSLRs wanda ake kira rawanin fallasa wanda yake da amfani don ƙara haske ko duhun hotonku idan kyamarar bata samu daidai ba. Dogaro da wane yanayin da kuke harba a cikin kyamara zai daidaita buɗewa ko saurin rufewa don ba da izinin wannan canjin. Sakamakon biyan kuɗi yana da nau'ikan ƙimomin da zaku iya canzawa, misali, + 1 EV zai ƙara hasken hotonku yayin da -1 EV zai duhunta shi.

3 Yanayin Kyama mai mahimmanci

Manyan hanyoyin kamara masu ɗaukar hoto guda uku masu amfani da su sune fifikon rufewa, fifikon buɗewa, da yanayin jagora. Idan kawai kuna sha'awar nunawa da harbi to yanayin atomatik wani zaɓi ne wanda ke zaɓar mafi kyawun saituna ta atomatik a gare ku, amma wannan ba da gaske ne masu ɗaukar hoto ke amfani da shi ba saboda kun rasa yawancin freedomancin kirkira.

Fifikar Budewa: A wannan yanayin, zaku iya saita buɗewa kuma kyamarar za ta zaɓi mafi kyawun hanzarin rufe muku.

Utarƙashin ityaukaka A wannan yanayin, zaku iya saita saurin rufewa da hannu kuma kyamarar zata saita muku buɗewa.

Yanayin Manual: A wannan yanayin, zaku iya saita komai yadda kuke so gami da saurin rufewa da buɗewa.

White Balance

Farin daidaito yana shafar yanayin zafin hotonka, don haka hotunan zasu iya bayyana launi mai ɗumi (lemu), launi mai sanyi (shuɗi), ko tsaka tsaki kuma wannan ya dogara da irin zazzabin hotunanka.

Akwai kewayon zaɓuɓɓuka da ke akwai don saita farin ma'auni, kuma kaɗan daga waɗannan su ne atomatik, kyalli, tungsten, girgije, inuwa, da hasken rana. Baƙin atomatik a bayyane zai zaɓa muku zafin jiki, amma kyamara koyaushe tana samun wannan dama a cikin kowane yanayi don haka za'a buƙaci saita takamaiman zaɓi.

Wananan posan fasaha

Hada hotunanka shine ainihin inda kirkirarku take taka rawa kuma wata fasaha ce wacce zaku bukaci ci gaba da aiki akanta, kuma koda kuwa kunkai matakin kwararru zaku tarar har yanzu kuna kokarin gwada sabbin dabaru. Babu buƙatun saiti-dutse da za a bi amma akwai arean dabaru da zaku iya gwadawa don taimakawa farawa.

Dokar Thirds

Dokar ta ukun sananniyar dabara ce wacce galibin masu ɗaukar hoto za su ji a wani lokaci kuma hanya ce mai sauƙi don haɓaka hotunanka da ƙirƙirar hoto mai daidaituwa. Ya ƙunshi rarraba yanayin zuwa kashi uku tare da layuka biyu a tsaye da layi biyu daidai gwargwado sannan kuma ka sanya batutuwa masu ban sha'awa tare da waɗannan layukan da kan hanyoyin. Amma waɗannan layuka ne da kuke buƙatar tunani sai dai idan kyamarar ku tana da zaɓi don nuna su akan allon.

Ƙananan Lines

Manyan layuka hanya ce mai kyau don kiyaye hankalin masu kallo na tsawon lokaci da ƙirƙirar hoto mai ɗaukar ido. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar jagorantar idanun mai kallo ta hanyar abubuwan sha'awa da zuwa babban batun a cikin hoton, kuma galibi ana amfani dasu azaman babban batun kuma. Lines yawanci ana farawa a gaba kuma suna iya zama madaidaiciya kamar hanya ko gada ko layuka masu lanƙwasa kamar kogi, amma duk wasu siffofi zasuyi aiki.

Nauyin Girman Kaya

Nauyin gani na maudu'i shine ikon da suke da shi don jan hankalin mai kallo, kuma batutuwa da suka fi nauyi zasu ja hankalin mai kallo da farko. Matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin hoton ku yana ɗaukar nauyi mafi yawa kuma wataƙila babban abu a cikin hoton ku ko fuska ko rubutu, misali, kuma sanya abubuwa da bambanci na iya shafar nauyin wasu abubuwa.

balance

Daidaita hoto zai iya tasiri ga motsin zuciyar da mai kallo ke ji, ko dai samar da gamsuwa a cikin daidaitaccen hoto, ko kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali a hoto mara daidaituwa. Daidaita hotunanka bashi da mahimmanci kuma galibi masu daukar hoto da gangan basa daidaita su, amma yana da mahimmanci sanin yadda ake kirkirar hoto mai kyau. Don yin wannan a sauƙaƙe kuna iya sanya batunku ko sanya batutuwa masu kama da nauyi a ɓangarorin biyu na hoton. Kuma don daidaita hotonku kuna iya sanya batun a gefe ɗaya na hoton tare da ɗan ƙarami ko babu batutuwa a wasu yankuna.

 

Wasu Nasihohi Masu Amfani

Yadda Ake Hana Hotuna marasa haske

Hotunan da ba su da haske matsala ce ta yau da kullun da ke damun masu ɗaukar hoto na kowane matakin ƙwarewa, amma akwai wasu abubuwa kaɗan da za ku iya yi don magance wannan kuma ku tabbata cewa duk hotunanku ba su da haske kuma suna da kaifi.

Girgiza Kamara

Girgiza kamara yana faruwa ta hanyar riƙe kamara ba daidai ba ko jinkirin saurin sauri. Bai kamata ku riƙe DSLR kamar yadda kuke yi da karamin kamara ba ta hanyar ɗora hannu ɗaya a kowane gefen kyamara. Madadin haka, sanya hannunka na dama a gefen dama na jikin kyamarar a daidai lokacin da maballin rufewa sannan ka sanya hannunka na hagu a ƙasan ruwan tabarau don taimakawa tallafawa ruwan tabarau kuma wannan zai sa kyamarar ta tsaya cak. Girgiza kamara ba za a iya kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ba duk da cewa saboda hannayenmu na girgiza kai tsaye zuwa mataki, don haka maki na gaba zai bayyana yadda za a yaƙi wannan.

Saurin Jirgin Sama

Wani dalili kuma da zaka iya samun hotunan marasa haske shine kana amfani da jinkirin saurin gudu. Gudun rufewa ya zama azaman jagora mara nauyi ya zama daidai ko fiye da tsayin hankalin ruwan tabarau. Misali, idan kana amfani da tsayayyiyar tsawon 50mm to zaka bukaci saurin rufe akalla 1/50^th na biyu.

Tripod

Idan duk hakan ya faskara zaka iya hawa kyamarar ka a kan tafiya, kuma wannan zai ba ka damar amfani da jinkirin saurin gudu ba tare da musafiha ba. Abu daya da zaka lura dashi yayin amfani da mashigar shine zaka iya ƙirƙirar girgiza kamara lokacin da ka danna maɓallin ƙwanƙwasa ƙasa, saboda haka hanyoyi guda biyu da zaka iya bi kusa da wannan shine ta amfani da sakin rufe ƙofa don haka zaka iya kunna ƙofar daga nesa, ko madadin shine saita saita lokaci.